{"id":23682,"date":"2025-10-23T09:51:40","date_gmt":"2025-10-23T01:51:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-brunei-2\/"},"modified":"2025-10-23T09:56:18","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T01:56:18","slug":"%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b1%d0%ba%d0%b0-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%85-%d0%b7-%d1%87%d0%bf%d1%83-%d0%b1%d1%80%d1%83%d0%bd%d0%b5%d0%b9-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/cnc-machining-brunei-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u0437 \u0427\u041f\u0423 \u0411\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0435\u0439: \u0412\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/aluminum-block-drilling-with-coolant-spray-system.webp\" alt=\"CNC Aluminum Extrusion\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Part 1: Market Size and Growth<\/h2>\n<p>Brunei is a small yet wealthy nation on the northern coast of Borneo. Traditionally dependent on oil and gas, the country is now expanding into new industries to diversify its economy. Among these, <strong>precision engineering and CNC machining<\/strong> are emerging as strategic areas for industrial growth.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/CNC-Anodized-6063-Curved-Aluminum-Extrusions.webp\" alt=\"CNC Anodized 6063 Curved Aluminum Extrusions\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Globally, CNC machining is expanding in response to demand from aerospace, automotive, medical, and energy sectors. Brunei\u2019s manufacturing market remains small but has the potential to support niche applications in high-precision parts, especially within oilfield services, electronics, and mechanical systems.  <\/p>\n<p>The local machining base primarily focuses on conventional fabrication and repair. However, investment in CNC machining-particularly 3-axis and 5-axis technologies-is increasing. This transition is supported by industrial policies that encourage technology adoption and vocational training.  <\/p>\n<p>With access to ASEAN markets and modern logistics, Brunei is strategically positioned to become a <strong>specialized CNC service hub<\/strong> in the region. The challenge lies in balancing infrastructure costs, equipment imports, and human capital development, while the opportunity lies in serving local industries that already require precision components.<\/p>\n<h2>Part 2: Leading Companies<\/h2>\n<p>Several companies and workshops in Brunei have adopted CNC technology or are expanding into precision manufacturing. Below are some examples that reflect the current state of this developing industry.<\/p>\n<h3>Prodimode Brunei<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"brxe-zthkdf\" class=\"brxe-button btn--custom bricks-button bricks-background-primary quote-button\" data-interactions=\"[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ojdnyw&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kioevq&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;}]\" data-interaction-id=\"c0a25c\">Contact Now<\/span><br \/>\nProdimode operates a modern CNC machining facility in the Muara District of Brunei Darussalam. It specializes in multi-axis milling, CNC turning, and surface finishing, focusing on prototypes and small production runs.  <\/p>\n<p>The company provides services such as milling, drilling, live-tool turning, and post-processing, with materials ranging from aluminum and steel to high-performance plastics. Prodimode\u2019s clients include local manufacturers, research institutions, and engineering firms.  <\/p>\n<p>Its core strength is <strong>local availability<\/strong>-offering advanced CNC capabilities within Brunei, reducing the need to source machining services abroad. Despite its small size, it represents a major step toward self-sufficiency in Brunei\u2019s precision manufacturing landscape.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/OEM-CNC-Extrusion-Profiles-with-Powder-Coating.webp\" alt=\"OEM CNC Extrusion Profiles with Powder Coating\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Besmindo (B) Sdn. Bhd.<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"brxe-zthkdf\" class=\"brxe-button btn--custom bricks-button bricks-background-primary quote-button\" data-interactions=\"[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ojdnyw&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kioevq&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;}]\" data-interaction-id=\"c0a25c\">Contact Now<\/span><br \/>\nBesmindo Brunei is an engineering firm specializing in oilfield repair, machining, and fabrication. The company operates CNC lathes and milling machines, handling components for drilling tools, heavy machinery, and petroleum equipment.  <\/p>\n<p>Its services include threading, surfacing, boring, and coating of high-strength steel parts. Besmindo is certified under ISO 9001 and API specifications, ensuring compliance with international industry standards.  <\/p>\n<p>The company\u2019s technical edge lies in <strong>servicing oil and gas equipment<\/strong>, where precision and reliability are critical. Its integration of machining, repair, and finishing services makes it one of Brunei\u2019s most advanced engineering firms.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cnc-milling-machine-operation.webp\" alt=\"A CNC milling machine cutting an aluminium profile in an industrial workshop.\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>CNC Machined Precision Components Brunei<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"brxe-zthkdf\" class=\"brxe-button btn--custom bricks-button bricks-background-primary quote-button\" data-interactions=\"[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ojdnyw&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kioevq&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;}]\" data-interaction-id=\"c0a25c\">Contact Now<\/span><br \/>\nThis small-scale operation focuses on machining and producing precision components for domestic industries. The company provides CNC milling and turning for custom mechanical parts, tools, and repair components used in local industrial facilities.  <\/p>\n<p>Its advantage lies in providing <strong>accessible, customized machining solutions<\/strong> within Brunei. By reducing lead times and logistics costs, it serves as an alternative to importing machined parts from Singapore or Malaysia.  <\/p>\n<p>Though still developing in scale, its growing client base demonstrates local demand for CNC precision and custom fabrication services.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/CNC-Machined-Billet-Aluminum-Knobs-for-Custom-Equipment-Panels.webp\" alt=\"CNC Machined Billet Aluminum Knobs for Custom Equipment Panels\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Universal Engineering Works<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"brxe-zthkdf\" class=\"brxe-button btn--custom bricks-button bricks-background-primary quote-button\" data-interactions=\"[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ojdnyw&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kioevq&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;}]\" data-interaction-id=\"c0a25c\">Contact Now<\/span><br \/>\nUniversal Engineering Works is a general engineering and metal fabrication company that is integrating CNC technologies to improve its precision and efficiency. The company produces metal structures, fittings, and industrial components for construction and marine industries.  <\/p>\n<p>Their workshop is equipped for milling, drilling, and lathe operations, and is gradually upgrading toward digitally controlled equipment. This evolution highlights Brunei\u2019s ongoing modernization of its industrial base.  <\/p>\n<p>The company\u2019s strength lies in <strong>practical versatility<\/strong>, offering both conventional and CNC machining to serve a wide range of customer requirements.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Precision-CNC-Machining-Industrial-Profile.webp\" alt=\"Precision CNC Machining Industrial Profile\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Emerging CNC Workshops<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"brxe-zthkdf\" class=\"brxe-button btn--custom bricks-button bricks-background-primary quote-button\" data-interactions=\"[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ojdnyw&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kioevq&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;}]\" data-interaction-id=\"c0a25c\">Contact Now<\/span><br \/>\nA new generation of small workshops in Brunei is beginning to adopt modern CNC equipment. These firms often provide prototyping, reverse engineering, and small-batch production.  <\/p>\n<p>Their focus is on serving the country\u2019s manufacturing, energy, and academic sectors, which require precision parts for testing, machinery, and specialized systems. Their growth depends on training access, stable demand, and improved import logistics.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/CNC-Machined-Long-Aluminum-Bracket-Profile-for-Equipment-Mounting.webp\" alt=\"CNC Machined Long Aluminum Bracket Profile for Equipment Mounting\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Company \/ Entity<\/th>\n<th>Established<\/th>\n<th>Core Services \/ Capabilities<\/th>\n<th>Industries Served<\/th>\n<th>Highlights \/ Strengths<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Prodimode Brunei<\/td>\n<td>2010s<\/td>\n<td>Multi-axis CNC milling and turning<\/td>\n<td>Engineering, R&amp;D, prototyping<\/td>\n<td>Local access to high-precision machining<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Besmindo (B) Sdn. Bhd.<\/td>\n<td>2007<\/td>\n<td>CNC machining, oilfield repair<\/td>\n<td>Oil &amp; gas, drilling tools<\/td>\n<td>ISO &amp; API certified, industrial reliability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>CNC Machined Precision Components Brunei<\/td>\n<td>2010s<\/td>\n<td>Milling, turning, custom parts<\/td>\n<td>General industry, repair<\/td>\n<td>Shorter lead times, local flexibility<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Universal Engineering Works<\/td>\n<td>2000s<\/td>\n<td>Fabrication, machining, welding<\/td>\n<td>Construction, marine<\/td>\n<td>Upgrading toward CNC systems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Emerging CNC Workshops<\/td>\n<td>2020s<\/td>\n<td>Prototyping, machining, small batches<\/td>\n<td>Energy, research, tooling<\/td>\n<td>Growing awareness and technology adoption<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Part 3: Trade Shows and Industry Events<\/h2>\n<p>Trade events in Brunei and Southeast Asia are important platforms for promoting precision manufacturing and CNC machining. Although Brunei\u2019s industrial scene is relatively small, local and regional expos provide visibility and knowledge sharing opportunities.<\/p>\n<h3>Brunei Technology and Industry Expo<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"brxe-zthkdf\" class=\"brxe-button btn--custom bricks-button bricks-background-primary quote-button\" data-interactions=\"[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ojdnyw&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kioevq&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;}]\" data-interaction-id=\"c0a25c\">Contact Now<\/span><br \/>\nThis national expo showcases manufacturing, energy, and technology firms. CNC shops, fabrication companies, and automation suppliers display equipment and services for industrial development.  <\/p>\n<p>The expo features live demonstrations, seminars, and product showcases, allowing Brunei\u2019s local firms to connect with regional partners and investors. It also serves as a learning space for young engineers and vocational trainees.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/CNC-Machining-Aluminum-Profiles.webp\" alt=\"CNC Machining Aluminum Profiles\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>ASEAN Manufacturing &amp; Automation Fair<\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"brxe-zthkdf\" class=\"brxe-button btn--custom bricks-button bricks-background-primary quote-button\" data-interactions=\"[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;ojdnyw&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;kioevq&quot;,&quot;trigger&quot;:&quot;click&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;show&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;popup&quot;,&quot;templateId&quot;:&quot;245&quot;}]\" data-interaction-id=\"c0a25c\">Contact Now<\/span><br \/>\nThis regional fair brings together manufacturers, technology providers, and CNC equipment suppliers from across Southeast Asia. Brunei-based firms attend to explore new technologies, source equipment, and network with potential partners.  <\/p>\n<p>The event focuses on smart manufacturing, digital transformation, and automation solutions. Participation helps Brunei\u2019s workshops align with regional standards and access the latest machine tools and software.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/cnc-tu1.webp\" alt=\"cnc tu1\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Event<\/th>\n<th>Frequency<\/th>\n<th>Location \/ Region<\/th>\n<th>Highlights<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Brunei Technology and Industry Expo<\/td>\n<td>Annual<\/td>\n<td>Brunei Darussalam<\/td>\n<td>Local exhibitors, CNC demos, tech workshops<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ASEAN Manufacturing &amp; Automation Fair<\/td>\n<td>Annual<\/td>\n<td>Southeast Asia (rotating)<\/td>\n<td>Cross-border networking, new technology showcases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Part 4: Impact of Global Trade Policies<\/h2>\n<p>Global trade policies strongly influence Brunei\u2019s CNC machining development. As the country imports nearly all its machinery, tools, and materials, changes in <strong>tariffs, logistics, and international supply chains<\/strong> directly affect cost and productivity.  <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/High-Density-Tooth-Heat-Sink-from-CNC-Aluminum.webp\" alt=\"High Density Tooth Heat Sink from CNC Aluminum\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Import duties on machine tools or cutting inserts can significantly raise investment costs for local workshops. Reducing these barriers could encourage small firms to modernize and compete more effectively.  <\/p>\n<p>Being a member of ASEAN gives Brunei favorable access to regional markets, but logistical constraints-especially for bulky equipment-remain challenging. Additionally, currency fluctuations and global freight volatility affect raw material prices and tooling availability.  <\/p>\n<p>Local substitution remains limited. Brunei does not produce CNC machinery, precision tools, or high-performance alloys. This makes its machining industry dependent on imports from larger manufacturing economies like Japan, Germany, and China.  <\/p>\n<p>Competition from neighboring Malaysia and Singapore is strong, but Brunei can focus on <strong>agility, responsiveness, and quality<\/strong>. By building specialized skills and niche service offerings, its workshops can compete on lead time and reliability rather than volume.  <\/p>\n<p>Government support is vital. Policies that enhance vocational training, ease equipment imports, and create industrial zones can make Brunei\u2019s CNC sector sustainable and globally integrated.<\/p>\n<h2>Part 5: Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Brunei\u2019s CNC machining industry is still young but shows promising signs of growth. The nation\u2019s strategic push for economic diversification provides fertile ground for advanced manufacturing to develop. <strong>Local workshops are evolving<\/strong>, moving from traditional machining to digital, high-precision production.  <\/p>\n<p>Opportunities exist in serving oil and gas, industrial maintenance, marine, and research sectors. By combining technical skill, modern machinery, and efficient logistics, Brunei can build a small but strong CNC ecosystem.  <\/p>\n<p>However, challenges remain significant. High import costs, dependence on external suppliers, and limited skilled labor continue to constrain growth. Addressing these issues through training, partnerships, and government incentives will be essential.  <\/p>\n<p>If Brunei continues to invest in industrial infrastructure and embraces smart manufacturing technologies, its CNC machining industry could mature into a <strong>trusted regional hub for custom and precision engineering<\/strong>-small in scale, but big in quality, efficiency, and innovation.<\/p>\n<p>Recommended Reading\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul class=\"reco-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-micronesia\/\" target=\"_blank\">CNC Machining Micronesia: Manufacturers &amp; Industry Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-mauritius\/\" target=\"_blank\">CNC Machining Mauritius: Manufacturers &amp; Industry Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-dominica\/\" target=\"_blank\">CNC Machining Dominica: Manufacturers &amp; Industry Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-el-salvador\/\" target=\"_blank\">CNC Machining El Salvador: Manufacturers &amp; Industry Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-mauritania\/\" target=\"_blank\">CNC Machining Mauritania: Manufacturers &amp; Industry Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-luxembourg\/\" target=\"_blank\">CNC Machining Luxembourg: Manufacturers &amp; Industry Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-croatia\/\" target=\"_blank\">CNC Machining Croatia: Manufacturers &amp; Industry Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/cnc-machining-somalia\/\" target=\"_blank\">CNC Machining Somalia: Manufacturers &amp; Industry Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/what-are-aluminum-stamped-parts\/\" target=\"_blank\">What are aluminum stamped parts?<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/lp\/electrophoresis-extruded-aluminum-profiles\/\" target=\"_blank\">Electrophoresis Extruded Aluminum Profiles<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/product\/aluminum-profile-led-light-strip-bar\/\" target=\"_blank\">Aluminum Profile LED Light Strip Bar<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/product\/aluminum-profile-for-kitchen-cabinet-accesory-manufacture-price\/\" target=\"_blank\">Aluminum Profile For Kitchen Cabinet Accesory Manufacture Price<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Part 1: Market Size and Growth Brunei is a small yet wealthy nation on the northern coast of Borneo. Traditionally dependent on oil and gas, the country is now expanding into new industries to diversify its economy. Among these, precision engineering and CNC machining are emerging as strategic areas for industrial growth. Globally, CNC machining [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":5877,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-custom-mold"],"meta_box":{"post-to-quiz_to":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23682","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23682"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23682\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5877"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23682"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23682"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sinoextrud.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23682"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}